Strategy - Wikipedia. Strategy (from Greek . In the sense of the . From then until the 2. Strategy generally involves setting goals, determining actions to achieve the goals, and mobilizing resources to execute the actions. A strategy describes how the ends (goals) will be achieved by the means (resources). ![]() This is generally tasked with determining strategy. Strategy can be intended or can emerge as a pattern of activity as the organization adapts to its environment or competes. It involves activities such as strategic planning and strategic thinking. Vladimir Kvint defines strategy as . Rumelt described strategy as a type of problem solving in 2. He wrote that good strategy has an underlying structure he called a kernel. The kernel has three parts: 1) A diagnosis that defines or explains the nature of the challenge; 2) A guiding policy for dealing with the challenge; and 3) Coherent actions designed to carry out the guiding policy. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites are now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere. ![]() Strategy (from Greek What is 'Overhead' Overhead is an accounting term that refers to all ongoing business expenses not including or related to direct labor, direct materials or third. All ships of any kind bound for Cuba from whatever nation or port will, if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons, be turned back. Formulation involves analyzing the environment or situation, making a diagnosis, and developing guiding policies. It includes such activities as strategic planning and strategic thinking. Implementation refers to the action plans taken to achieve the goals established by the guiding policy. Henderson wrote that strategy was valuable because of: . Liddell Hart's definition put less emphasis on battles, defining strategy as . Naval War College instructor Andrew Wilson defined strategy as the . Where the realized pattern was different from the intent, he referred to the strategy as emergent; Strategy as position – locating brands, products, or companies within the market, based on the conceptual framework of consumers or other stakeholders; a strategy determined primarily by factors outside the firm; Strategy as ploy – a specific maneuver intended to outwit a competitor; and. Strategy as perspective – executing strategy based on a . Every player in a non- trivial game has a set of possible strategies to use when choosing what moves to make. A strategy may recursively look ahead and consider what actions can happen in each contingent state of the game—e. Pure strategies can be thought of as a special case of mixed strategies, in which only probabilities 0 or 1 are assigned to actions. Strategy based games generally require a player to think through a sequence of solutions to determine the best way to defeat the opponent. See also. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. The Strategy Process: Concepts, Contexts, Cases. Prentice Hall. ISBN 9. Management Science. Archived from the original(PDF) on 1. October 2. 01. 3. Retrieved 3. 1 August 2. The Global Emerging Market: Strategic Management and Economics. Strategic Management Journal. A.; Passador, J. Systems Research and Behavioral Science. Retrieved 1. 6 May 2. Introduction . Good Strategy/Bad Strategy. Crown Business. ISBN 9. Kennedy - Cuban Missile Crisis Address to the Nation. Boston Consulting Group. Retrieved 1. 8 April 2. H. Strategy London: Faber, 1. Wilson, Andrew (2. Masters of War: History's Greatest Strategic Thinkers. The Teaching Company. Special Edition Books. Porter, Michael E. Competitive Strategy. ISBN 0- 6. 84- 8. The Lords of Strategy. Harvard Business Press. ISBN 9. 78- 1- 5. Business History Review. Harvard Business Review. SSRN 2. 64. 52. 8 . Ahlstrand, B. Strategy Safari : A Guided Tour Through the Wilds of Strategic Management, The Free Press, New York, 1. Comprehensive solutions and products for video compressionists. Concepts. A rate control algorithm dynamically adjusts encoder parameters. It allocates a budget of bits to each. Rate control is not a part of the H. The purpose of this white paper is to offer 1) a basic understanding of what rate control is and why it is essential. H. 2. 64 and other standards groups can be more easily. Block- based hybrid video encoding schemes such as the MPEG . They achieve compression not only by removing truly redundant. When QP is very small. As QP is increased, some of. Figure 1 suggests that relationship for a. QP at a cost of increased distortion. For a particular source frame. Figure 2. But when source complexity varies. As the source sequence progresses, you. Because the complexity of pictures is continually. QP to pick. If you fix QP for an . In reality, constraints imposed by decoder buffer size and network. Rather than specifying QP as input, the user specifies demanded. Figure. 3. Open Loop Encoding (VBR)Figure. Closed Loop Rate Control (CBR)Elements. H. 2. 64 Rate Control. With a focus on the recommended approach . Most. of these elements are common to other rate control schemes. Note. that Figure 5 is conceptual and is not a literal representation. Many details are glossed over –. B and P pictures are treated differently, and. Figure. 5. Elements of H. Rate Controller. Rate- Quantization. Model. The heart of the algorithm is a quantitative model describing Figure. QP, actual bitrate and. However, the bits and complexity. Because the quantization parameter QP can only influence the. QP has. no direct effect on the bitrates associated with overhead, prediction data, or motion vectors. The Mean Average Difference (or MAD) of the prediction error is used for. The model takes an algebraic form such as Residual Bits. C1 * MAD / QP + C2 * MAD / QP2 but. C2 = 0) or a more complicated form. This equation. . The free coefficients C1 and C2 may be. Having established the model in (2), we can solve for the demanded. QP when the target value of Residual. Bits is supplied by the Bit. Allocation modules in Figure 5. Complexity Estimation. As indicated above, we need a simple metric that reflects the encoding. The MAD of the prediction. This MAD is an inverse measure of predictor's accuracy and (in the. Ideally, the MAD would be estimated after encoding the current picture. QP is selected – quite a burden for a computationally intensive. H. 2. 64! Instead, we can usually assume that this complexity. QP- Limiter. Figures 4 and 5 represent a closed loop control system which must. For difficult sequences having rapid changes. QP- demand may oscillate noticeably, so a rate limiter. QP to no more than. The corresponding. The change in fullness of the virtual buffer is the difference between. The buffer. fullness is bounded by zero from below and by the buffer capacity. The user must specify appropriate values for buffer. QP Initializer. QP must be initialized upon start of video sequence. An initial. value may be input manually, but a better approach is to estimate. Demanded. Bits. Per. Pixel = Demanded. Bitrate / (Frame. Rate * height * width) Equation 2- 6. The GOP Target is fed into the next block for detailed bit allocation. Basic Unit Bit Allocation. The . That level is referred. If the basic unit is smaller than a picture, then this block in. Figure 5 actually breaks out into two layers – one for the. Figure 5 and our. For details on how to treat smaller basic units, please. However, this is not. The QP's for non- stored pictures. B- pictures) are then interpolated (and offset) from. QP values for their neighboring P pictures. First, considering the. MAD of the picture, one can determine a target level for the buffer. Then using the buffer target level, it is easy to calculate. Comparison with MPEG- 2 (Test Model 5) Rate. Control. Because of the influence and familiarity of MPEG's Test Model 5. To do so. we transmogrify Figure 5 into Figure 6, which corresponds conceptually. MPEG2/TM5 approach. Figure. 6. Comparison to MPEG2 Test Model 5. Similarities include the use of the virtual buffer model, the calculation. GOP and picture, and the overall. Mquant) for a basic unit. The Mquant for the basic unit (always. Differences include: The. Basic Unit is always the macroblock in this scheme. It is possible. to get significant variations of quantization parameter across. Differences. between I, P and B picture types arise in the allocation of. Otherwise, they are treated similarly. MPEG- 2. does not have the same multiplicity of prediction. In the absence of advanced intra prediction, it need. Macroblock- level spatial complexity is estimated from the source. Allocation. of bits to a picture considers the picture type, GOP structure. Each 1. 6 x. 1. 6 macroblock can be broken down in numerous ways. Thus, mode selection. Selection of the optimal mode is done by an algorithm called rate- distortion. RDO) . QP is input to the RDO process, which does not regulate QP or modify. RDO is complementary to. The interplay with RDO, described in . The MAD is needed by the rate control. RDO has used a QP. Thus, the rate control algorithm must use. MAD based upon complexity of prior pictures in the. For this release, we have provided. Especially for offline. GOPs of a wide variety of sizes. Typical results track GOP bitrate within 1% without B pictures or. B pictures, with good stabilization of QP to prevent noticeable. You can try this for yourself by requesting a. Expert. H2. 64 from Pixel. Tools. Corporation. In subsequent releases, we plan to allow flexibility for smaller. Construction of the complexity metric (i. MAD) is part of the rate control algorithm. C Interfaces and. For example. after the encoding step, a call to update. Model refreshes the empirical. C1 and C2 in equation (2). Similarly frame. Rate. Control. is called prior to encoding each picture and supplies the quantization. Terminology. The following glossary is intended to help with a common understanding. Prediction. Both H. MPEG- *. may predict a macroblock by traditional inter (temporal) prediction. Additionally, H. 2. Residual. The difference between the. A spatial transform is then applied to. Distortion. Distortion refers to the. In H. 2. 64, sum of squared difference. N) i. . As the saying goes, I can't. I know it when I see it! A single source. picture is complex if it is . The term spatial activity is synonymous. However, for a video sequence. For example, if. a video sequence consists of one busy object that translates slowly. It is difficult. to define an inclusive video complexity metric that is also easy. See MADMAD: Mean Absolute Difference of Prediction. Error. For rate control, what is more important is the encoding. The Mean Absolute Difference. Prediction Error is usually closely related to encoding complexity. This term is used to quantify the amount of spatial. N pixels. Then the activity for. N pixels is: (1/N) i. N) i. xi. In other words the spatial activity is the sample variance of. It is the measure for local complexity used in. MPEG- 2. Bitrate. Bitrate refers to the bits per. In practice, it is equated. Quantization Parameter (QP). Residuals. are transformed into the spatial frequency domain by an integer. Discrete Cosine Transform. DCT). The Quantization Parameter determines the step size for associating. Large values. of QP represent big steps that crudely approximate the spatial transform. In H. 2. 64, each. QP lengthens the step size by 1. Group of Pictures (GOP). The. Group of Picture concept is inherited from MPEG and refers to an. I- picture, followed by all the P and B pictures until the next I. A typical MPEG GOP structures might be IBBPBBPBBI. Although. H. 2. 64 does not strictly require more than one I picture per video. GOP structure to be effective. Thus, H. 2. 64 rate control will not. Intra. Period parameter is set to 0. Basic unit. The authors of references. If the basic unit is a picture, then. QP are uniform across the picture. Initially, most H. Summary. This white paper presents the basics of rate control for H. Test Model 5 approach of MPEG- 2. Implementers. needing a detailed description of the algorithm should see . The structure shown in our Figure 5, the discussion of its. References. 1. Poynton, Digital Video. HDTV, Elsevier Science 2. February 1. 99. 93. Sullivan, T. Wiegand and K. P. Li et al., . Li et al., . Sullivan, T. Wiegand and K. P. MPEG 2 Test Model 5, Rev. Section 1. 0: Rate. Control and Quantization Optimization, ISO/IEC/JTC1. SC2. 9WG1. 1, April. Kossentini. and G. View our products features. Visit. our products page and check out at our Pixel. Tools Store to purchase any of our products. Thank you for your interest in Pixel.
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